I decided to make a 2x2 system of verb stems and personal endings to form the four fundamental moods of Denkurian. The verb stems are called direct and indirect, whereas the personal ending sets are called primary and secondary. The various combinations yield moods thusly:
direct + primary = indicative mood direct + secondary = imperative mood indirect + primary = subjunctive mood indirect + secondary = optative mood This simplifies verb formation just a bit. Also, the following words were added to the lexicon: zapto - n. weapon, arm (armament) zeina - adv. always zezeina - adv. forever, evermore
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I changed the formation of the optative mood to make it more internally consistent. The optative is based on historical formant *-ka, which is attached to the present subjunctive form. The past optative is formed by adding the past formant *-u to it, forming *-ko, and the irrealis formant *-i, is added to the present optative to form the future optative formant *-ke. See the verb page for a summary of the tense formants.
Also, here are some new words: walathi v. to feast, to celebrate spyauwe adj. clear It's been a long time since a blog post. My main conlang now is Denkurian, a mostly IE-inspired a priori conlang. You can find some more info in the navigation bar above. Here below are some new words I recently coined:
godathi v. to become. irr. pst. godot. laukhethi v. to need. nehimain adv. please. (from future optative of nehothi v. to be possible) toskethi v. to meet. ijothi v. to suffice; to be enough. I also simplified and clarified the verb mood and tense requirements for conditional statements: I modified Shonkasika's verb paradigm a bit. I made the aorist (a sort of gnomic and present habitual) and the past habitual members of a full-fledged habitual/gnomic aspect, bringing the total to four: simple(unspecified), habitual, perfect, prospective. The habitual will have two possible regular formations: the most common and currently productive way is a suffix (-li non-future, -lo future), called the 'weak habitual', and an older, non-productive way, partial reduplication of the beginning of the verb stem, called the 'strong habitual'.
Taken with the strong future (ablaut, unproductive) vs. weak future(suffix -bo, productive), and the two groups of regular perfect formation (both suffixes), Shonkasika now has 8 regular verb conjugation classes that are not predictable from the citation form, the active infinitive. The conjugation classes are grouped into 4 general classes, with each one subdivided into subclass A (with Group A perfects, in -ipe) and subclass B (with Group B perfects, in -uka): Class 1: weak habitual, weak future Class 2: weak habitual, strong future Class 3: strong habitual, strong future Class 4: strong habitual, weak future Class 1 has the most members by far, followed in numerical order by the others (at least for now). I changed Shonkasika's progressive form from a periphrasis (an adverbial participle + a be-verb) to a synthetic form. Unlike the other verb inflections, which are suffixes, this one is a prefix: je- before consonants and jey- before vowels. This prefix can occur alongside just about any tense-aspect-mood form, although it is most common with the present, past, and perfect indicative.
lahut, jelahut I greet, I am greeting lahutu, jelahutu I greeted, I was greeting lahwipet, jelahwipet I have greet, I have been greeting I created a couple of minor declensions for Shonkasika nouns.
Instead of forming its indefinite dual in -bre and its indefinite dual in -bi like most animate nouns, a few animates form them in -ndre and -ni respectively: thoges, thogendres, thogenis ox, two oxen, oxen hiros, hirondres, hironis chicken, two chickens, chickens podis, podindres, podinis child, two children, children Some inanimate nouns, including all ending -ye, form its indefinite dual in -rú, and indefinite plural in -ú, with a stress shift to the last syllable, instead of the normal endings of -ri and -i without stress shift: glaina, glainarú, glaináu eye, two eyes, eyes plesto, plestorú, plestóu ear, two ears, ears faspu, faspurú, faspwó leg, two legs, legs In an effort to create some justified 'regular' irregularity, I've been working on Shonkasika's older, non-productive way of forming the future tense. Shonkasika used to form a 'hypothetic/potential' verb form by ablaut of the final vowel in the verb stem before the personal endings. Over time, this form was reinterpreted as a future form.
An example: tut I give tet If I give/I may give > I will give This new future of banu to be, bo-, became the indicative future suffix for most verbs. I have decided that a group of basic, common, and modal verbs will maintain this old future form by ablaut, which contrasts with the new productive future forms. Additionally, the prospective aspect is formed from the basic stem of the future indicative, so for suffixing verbs, it's the same stem as the non-future. For the ablaut future verbs, it's different: ruvat, ruvabot, ruvavit I love, I will love, I am going/about to love tut, tet, tevit I give, I will give, I am going/about to give I have updated and reorganized the irregular verbs page. Check it out! I added dual forms to the personal pronouns of Shonkasikas. Most add -bre to the plural stem to form the dual. The 3rd person inanimate pronouns take -ri. This pattern mimics nouns. I believe other pronouns and determiners will also have dual forms. Adjectives and verbs do not have dual forms. Dual nouns and pronouns trigger plural agreement with verbs and adjectives.
See the personal pronouns here. I made some changes to Shonkasika's definite duals, and the definite plurals of inanimate nouns: For example:
rida (a) potato ridari two potatoes ridarza the two potatoes; both potatoes ridasai the potatoes Since today is my birthday, here goes Shonkasika's day 31:
ronyawostro /ro.ɲa'wo.stro/ n. cel. anniversary khochü /'xo.t͡ʃy/ n. neut. birth khochüboz /xo't͡ʃy.boz/ n. neut. birthday chütenuz /t͡ʃy'te.nuz/ v. be born |
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